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Bibliography on Burma

(alphabetic order by author)

This bibliography is organized in alphabetic order by author.  You can also access this bibliography in subject matter order.

Adas, Michael. 1974. The Burmese Delta. Madison : University of Wincosin Press.

Allen, Robert Loring. 1958. "Burma's Clearing Account Agreements." Pacific Affairs. Vol. 31, No. 2, June 1958.

Allot, Anna J. 1989. " Prose Writing and Publishing in Burma Today - Government Policy and Popular Practice." in Than Seong Chee, ed., Literature and Society in Southeast Asia. University of Singapore.

Andrew, E.J.L. 1933. Indian Labour in Rangoon. Oxford : Oxford University Press.

Andrus, J. Russel. 1948. Burmese Economic Life. Stanford : Stanford University Press.

Arumugam, Raja Segaran. 1975. "Burma: A Political and Economic Background." South East Asian Affairs 1975. Singapore : Institute of South East Asian Studies.

___. 1976. "Burma: Political Unrest and Economic Stagnation." Southeast Asian Affairs 1976. Singapore : Institute of South East Asian Studies.

___. 1977. State and Oil in Burma : An Introductory Survey. Singapore : Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Research Notes and Discussion Series No. 3. April 1977.

Aung Khin, Dr. 1981. "Burma in 1980," Southeast Asian Affair 1981. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.

___. 1983. "Burma in 1982: On the Road to Recovery," Southeast Asian Affairs 1983. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Affairs.

Aung-thwin, Michael, 1983, " Divinity, Spirit and Human : Conceptions of Classical Burmese Kingship," in Lorraine Gesick, ed., Centers, Symbols and Hierarchies : Essays on the Classical State of Southeast Asia.

___. 1984, " Hierarchy and Order in Pre-Colonial Burma," Journal of Asian Studies, Vol 15, No. 2. September 1984 : 224-231.

___. 1985, Pagan : The Origins of Modern Burma.

___. 1987. " The Role of Sasana Reform in Burmese History : Economic Dimensions of a Religious Purification," Journal of Asian Studies. Vol. 38 : 671-688.

___. 1989, " 1948 and Burma's Myth of Independence." In Josef Silverstein, ed., Independent Burma at Forty Years : Six Assessments. Ithaca: Cornell Southeast Asia Program.

Aye Hlaing, 1964. "Trends of Economic Growth and Income Distribution in Burma, 1870-1940". Journal of Burma Research Society, Vol. 47, No. 1 : 89-148.

Ba Oo, U. 1958. My Burma : The Autobiography of a President. New York : Taplinger.

Ba Maw, Dr., 1969. Breakthrough in Burma : Memoirs of a Revolution, 1939-1946. New Haven : Yale University Press.

Badgley, John. 1962, "Burma's Military Government : A Political Analysis." Asian Survey. Vol. 2, No. 6, August 1962.

___. 1963, " Burma : The Nexus of Socialism and Two Political Traditions." Asian Survey. 3:2.

___. 1965. "Burma's Zealot Wungyis: Maoists or St. Simonists?" Asian Survey. Vol. 5, No. 1, January 1965.

___. 1967, " Burma's Military Government : A Political Annalysis." Inn Wilson C. McWilliams, ed., Garrisons and Government. San Francisco : Chandler.

___. 1967. "Burma's China Crisis: The Choices Ahead." Asian Survey. Vol. 7, November 1967.

___. 1969. "Intellctuals and the National Vision: The Burma Case." Asian Survey. Vol. 9, No. 8, August 1969.

___. 1969. " The Communist Party of Burma," in R.A. Scalapino, ed., The Communist Revolution in Asia.

___. 1970, Politics Among Burmans : A Study of Intermediary Leaders. Athens, Ohio : Ohio University Center for International Studies.

___. 1971. "The Union of Burma: Age Twenty-Two." Asian Survey. Vol. 11, No. 2, February 1971.

___. 1972. "Burma: The Army Vows Legitimacy." Asian Survey. Vol. 12, No. 2, February 1972.

___. 1974. "Burmese Communist Schisms," in J.W. Lewis, ed., Peasant Rebellion and Communist Revolution in Asia.

___ and James F. Guyot, 1990. " Myanmar in 1989 : Tatmadaw V," Asian Survey, Vol. XXX, No.2 ( February, 1990).

Becka, Jan. 1969. Military Rule in Burma. Brussels : Center d'Etude de Sud-Est Asiatique et de l'Extreme Orient.

___. 1981. " The Origin and Role of the National Armed Forces in Burma's Struggle for Independence (1941-1945). Archiv Orientalni 4:49.

___. 1983. The National Liberation Movement in Burma during the Japanese Occuapation Period (1941-1945). Prague : Oriental Institute.

Bert, Wayne. "Chinese Relations with Burma and Indonesia." Asian Survey. Vol. 2, No.1, March 1962.

___. "Chinese Policy toward Burma and Indonesia: A post-Mao Perspective," Asian Survey, September 1985.

___. "Chinese Policy toward Democratization Movements: Burma and the Philippines," Asian Survey, November 1990.

Blackburn, Paul Pritchard. 1971. " Communications and National Development in Burma, Malaysia and Thailand : A Comparative Systemic Analysis." Ph.D. dissertation, American University.

Butwell, Richard. 1961. "Civilians and Soldiers in Burma." In Robert K. Sakai, ed., Studies on Asia, 1961. Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press.

___. "The Four Failures of U Nu's Second Premiership." Asian Survey. Vol. 2, No. 1. March 1962.

___. 1963. U Nu of Burma. Carlifornia : Stanford University Press.

___. 1969. "U Nu's Second Comeback Try." Asian Survey. Vol. 9, No. 11, November 1969.

___. 1972. "Ne Win's Burma: At the End of the First Decade." Asian Survey. Vol. 12, No. 10, October 1972.

Butwell, Richard, and von der Mehden, Fred. 1960. " The 1960 Election in Burma." Pacific Affairs. Vol. 33, No. 2, June 1960.

Cady, John F. 1948. The Development of Self-Rule and Independence in Burma, Malaya and Philippines. New York : American Institute of Pacific Relations. January 1948.

___. 1960. "Burma's Military Regime." Current History, February 1960.

___. 1969. The History of Modern Burma. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

___. 1976. The United States and Burma. Cambridge : Harvard University Press.

Chakravarti, N.R. 1971. The Indian Minority in Burma. London : Oxford University Press.

Chang, Siok-hwa. 1968. The Rice Industry of Burma 1852-1940. Kuala Lumpur : University of Malaya Press.

Chen, David H.H. 1979. "Modern Burma : National Development, Problems and Perspectives." Asian Profile. Vol. 7, No. 1, February 1979.

Cook, Paul. 1993. "Privatisation in Myanmar," in P. Cook and F. Nixson, eds., The Move the Market. London: Macmillan.

___, J. Kennedy and R. Raitt. 1989. "Initial Assessment Mission in to Rehabilitating and Modernizing the Public and Private Sectors in Myanmar," New York : UNDP, August 1989.

___ and M. Minogue. 1992. "Economic Reform in Myanmar," in R. Adhikari, J.Weiss and C. Kirkpatrick, eds., Industry and Trade Policy Reform in Developing Countries. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

___ and M. Minogue. 1993. "Economic Reform and Political Change in Myanmar (Burma)," World Development, Vol. 21, No. 7: 1151-1161.

Cristian, John L. 1942. Modern Burma : A Survey of Political and Economic Development. New York : Institute of Pacific Relations.

___. 1945. Burma and the Japanese Invader.

Dupy, Revor N. 1961. "Burma and Its Army : A Contrast in Motivations and Chararcteristics." Antioch Review. Winter 1960-61.

Evans, Yi Yi Chit-Maung. 1972. "Marketing of Export Crops in Burma and Thailand, 1948-1967. A Comparative Study with Special Reference to Rice Marketing for the Export Trade." Ph.D. Diss. McGill University.

Fairbairn, Geoffrey. 1957. "Some Minority Problems in Burma." Pacific Affairs. Vol. 30, No. 4, December 1957.

Feldberg, Roslynn Lee Berman. " The Shaping of Political Systems : A Study of Participation and Styles of Politics in Burma, Pakistan, Malaya and India." Ph.D. Diss., University of Michigan.

Fenichel, Allen, and Huff, Gregg. 1975. "Colonialism and the Economic System of Independent Burma." Modern Asian Studies. Vol. 9, 1975.

____. and A. Khan. 1981. "The Burmese Way to Socialism," World Development 9, No. 9 & 10 : 813-24.

Fleischmann, Klaus. 1973. "The Economy of Burma." in The Economic Future of the Far East and Southeast Asia. Bruxellers : Center d"Etude du Sud-East Asiatique et de l'Exterme Orient, 1973.

___. 1973. "Problems of Contemporary Burma." Asia Quarterly. 1973.

Fredericks, L.J., and Wells, R.J.G. 1978. " Some Aspects of Tenancy Reform Measures in Southeast Asia." Asian Survey. Vol. 18, No. 6, June 1978.

Furnivall, J.S. 1939. "The Fashioning of Leviathan," Journal of the Burma Research Society, Vol 29, No. 3: 1-138.

___. 1956. Colonial Policy and Practice. New York : New York University Press.

___. 1957. An Introduction to the Political Economy of Burma. Rangoon : People's Literature Committee and House.

___. 1959, The Governance of Modern Burma.

Guyot, Dorothy. " The Political Impact of Japanese Occupation of Burma." Ne Haven: unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Yale University.

___. 1967. " The Burma Independence Army : A Political Movement in Military Garb." in Josef Silverstein, ed., Southeast Asia in World War II : Four Eassys. New Haven : Yale University Southeast Asian Studies.

Guyot, James. 1966. " Bureaucratic Transformation in Burma." In Ralph Braibanti, ed., Asian Bureaucratic Systems Emergent from the Briish Imperial Tradition. Durham, N.C. : Duke University Press.

___. 1970. "Political Involution in Burma." Journal of Comparative Administration. Vol. 2, No. 3, November 1970.

___. 1988. Phaya Krut and the Chinthe: A Demographic Detective Story in 20th Century Southeast Asia. DeKalb: Center for Southeast Asian Studies.

___. 1989. "Burma in 1988: Perestroika with a Military Face," Southeast Asian Affairs 1989, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.

___. 1991. "Myanmar in 1990: The Unconsummated Election," Asian Survey, Vol. XXXI, No. 2, February 1991.

Hagen, E.E. 1956. The Economic Development of Burma. Washington : National Planning Association.

Hall, Daniel G. E. 1950. Burma. London : Hutchison's University Library.

Harvey, Geoffrey E. 1925. History of Burma from the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824 : The Beginning of the English Conquest. London : Longman's Green.

Haseman, John B. Col. 1988. "Burma in 1987: Change in the Air?" Asian Survey, Vol. XXVIII, No. 2, February 1988.

Hill, Hal. 1984. "Industrialization in Burma in Historical Perspective". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, Vol. 15, No. 1 : 134-49.

___. 1987. Burma: An Inward-Looking Economy in Transition. Singapore : Institute of South East Asian Studies Publication.

Hoadley, J. Stephen. 1975. Soldiers and Politics in Southeast Asia : Civil-Military Relations in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge, MA : Schenkman Publishing Company.

Homes, Robert A. 1967. "Burmese Domestic Policy : The Politics of Burmanization." Asian Survey. Vol. 7, No. 3, March 1967.

___. 1972. "China-Burma Relations Since the Rift." Asian Survey. Vol. 12, No. 8, August 1972.

Htin Aung, 1965. The Sticken Peacock : Anglo-Burmese Relations 1752-1948.

___. 1967, A History of Burma, New York : Columbia University Press.

Huntington, Samuel P. 1968. The Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven : Yale University Press. 1:1-92, 4:192-263.

Innes-Brown, Marc & Mark J. Valencia. 1993. "Thailand Resource Diplomacy in Indochina and Myanmar," Contemporary Southeast Asia, Vol. 14, No. 4, March 1993.

Jayasuriya, S.K. 1984. "Technical Change and the Revival of the Burmese Rice Industry", The Developing Economies, Vol. 22, No. 2 : 137-54.

Johnstone, William. "Observation on Contemporary Burma." Rand Corporation (RM-2535-RC), Santa Monica, Calif., May 9, 1960.

Khin Maung Gyi. 1966. "Patterns of Accommodation to Bureaucratic Authority in a Transitional Culture. A Sociological Analysis of Burmese Bureaucrats with Respect to Their Orientation Towards Authority." Ph.D. Diss., Cornell University.

___ and Tin Tin, 1973, Administrative Patterns in Historical Burma.

Khin Maung Kyi. 1982. "Modernisation of Burmese Agriculture: Problems and Prospects", Southeast Asian Affairs 1982 : 115-34. Singapore : Institute of South East Asian Studies.

Khin Maung Win. 1959. "Some Philosophical Problems in Contemporary Burma : A Study in Comparative Philosophy of Culture." Ph.D. Diss., Yale University.

Khin Win and Nyi Nyi. 1982. "The Special High Yielding Varieties Program", in The Proceedings of the 1980 Intenational Symposium in Cropping Systems Research, pp. 695-702. The International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines.

Krishnanmurthy, S. "The Political Role of the Army in Burma and Indonesia." International Studies (New Delhi), July-August 1973.

Leach, Edmund R. 1960. " The Frontiers of Burma," in Comparative Studies in Society and History. Vol. 3, No. 1. October 1960.

___. 1965. Political Systems of Highland Burma. London : Bell.

___. 1973. "Buddhism in the Post-Colonial Political Order in Burma and Ceylon." Daedalus. Vol. 102. Issue 1, 1973.

Lehman, F.K. 1963. The Structure of Chin Society : A Tribal People of Burma Adapted to a Non-Western Civilization. Urbana : University of Illinois.

___. ed., 1981. Military Rule in Burma since 1962 : Kaleidoscope of Views. Singapore : Institute of Southeast Asian Program Publications.

Lewy, Guenter. 1972. "Militant Buddhist Nationalism: The Case of Burma." Journal of Church and State. Vol. 14, No. 1, Winter 1972.

Liberman, Victor. 1980. " The Political Significance of Religious Wealth in Burmese History : Some Further Thoughts," in Journal of Asian Studies. Vol. 39: 753-769.

___. 1984. Burmese Administrative Cycle : Anarchy and Conquest. New Jersey : Princeton University Press.

Lintner, Bertil. 1989. Outrage : Burma's Struggle for Democracy. Hongkong : Review Publishing Co.

___. 1989. The Land of Jade.

___. 1990. The Rise and Fall of the Communist Party of Burma (CPB). Ithaca : Southeast Asian Program Publications.

Lissak, Moshe, 1964. "Social Change, Mobilization, and Exchange of Services between the Military Establishment and the Civil Society : The Burmese Case. " Economic Development and Cultural Change 13:1.

___. 1976. Military Roles in Modernization : Civil-Military Relations in Thailand and Burma. Beverly Hills : Sage.

Lockwood, Agnese N. 1958. "The Burma Road to Pyidawtha." International Conciliation, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace No. 518. New York, May 1958.

MacDougall, Hugh C. and Jon A. Wiant. 1985. "Consolidation Triumphs over Innovation", Asian Survey, Vol XXVI, No. 2 ( February, 1986).

Mangrai, Sao Saimong. 1965. The Shan States and the British Annexation. Data Paper No. 57. Ithaca : Cornell University.

Martin, Edwin W. 1977. "Burma in 1976: The Beginning of Change?" Asian Survey. Vol. 17, No. 2, February 1977.

Matthews, Bruce. 1979. "The Problem of Communalism in Contemporary Burma and Sri Lanka." International Journal (Canadian Institute of International Affairs), Vol. 34, No. 3, Summer 1979.

___. 1993. "Iron Heel in Burma: Buddhism under a Military Regime," Asian Survey, Vol. XXXIII, No. 4, April 1993.

Maung, M. Ismael K. 1979. "Population Trends in Burma." Southeast Asia Affair 1979. Singapore : Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1979.

Maung Maung. 1958. Burma in the Family of Nations. Amsterdam : Djambatan.

___. 1959, Burma's Constitution. The Hague : Martinus Nijhoff.

___. 1962. ed., Aung San of Burma. The Hague : Martinus Nijhoff.

___. 1969. Burma and General Ne Win. New Delhi : Asia Publishing House.

Maung Maung Gyi. 1965. Burmese Political Values : The Sociopolitical Roots fo Authoritarianism. New York : Prager.

Maung Maung Sein. 1964. " Socio-Cultural Values and Economic Backwardness : A Case Study of Burma," Ph.D. Diss., New York University.

Maung Myint. 1966. "Agriculutre in Burmese Economic Development." Ph.D. Diss., University of Carlifornia, Berkeley.

Mendelson, E. Michael. 1975. "Sangha and State in Burma" in John P. Ferguson ed. A Study of Monastic Scetarianism and Leadership. Ithaca : Cornell University Press.

Mi Mi Khaing, 1946. Burmese Family. Calcutta : Longman's Green.

___. 1985. The World of Burmese Women.

Moscotti, Albert D. 1974. British Policy and The Nationalist Movement in Burma, 1917-1937. Honululu : University Press of Hawaii.

___. 1977. Burma's Constitution and Elections of 1974. Singapore : Institute of South East Asian Studies.

Mya Maung. 1964. "Cultural Values and Economic Changes in Burma." Asian Survey, Vol. 4, No. 3, March 1964.

___. 1964. "Socialism and Economic Development of Burma." Asian Survey, Vol. 4, No. 12, December 1964.

___. 1966. "The Elephant CatchingCo-operative Society of Burma: A Case Study of the Effect of Planned Socio-Economic Change." Asian Survey. Vol. 6, No. 6, June 1966.

___. 1970. "The Burmese Way to Socialism Beyond the Welfare State." Asian Survey. Vol. 10, No. 6, June 1970.

___. 1971. Burma and Pakistan : A Comparative Study of Development. New York : Praeger.

___. 1990. "The Burma Road from the Union of Burma to Myanmar," Asian Survey, Vol. XXX, No. 6, June 1990.

___. 1991. The Burma Road to Poverty. New York : Praeger.

___. 1992. "Damage to Human Capital and the Future of Burma," The Fletcher Forum, Winter 1992.

___. 1992. Totalitarianism in Burma: Prospects for Economic Development. New York: Paragon House, 1992.

Mya Sein. 1973. Administration in Burma : Sir Charles Crosthwaite and the Consolidation of Burma. Kuala Lumpur : Oxford University Press.

Mya Than. 1984. "Burma's Agricultural Development Since 1962 - From Stagnancy to Breakthrough". in Ngo Manh-Lann, ed., Unreal Growth : Critical Studies in Asian Development, pp. 741-62. New Delhi : Hindustan Publishing Corporation (India).

___. 1987. "Burma in 1986: The Year of Snake," Southeast Asian Affairs 1987. Singapore: Institute of South East Asian Studies.

___. 1988. Growth Pattern of Burmese Agriculture: A Productivity Approach. Occasional Paper No. 81. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Affairs.

___.1988. " Trends in Burma-Asean Trade Relations," in the Asean Economic Bulletin, July 1988.

Nash, Manning. 1963. "Party Building in Upper Burma," Asian Survey, Vol. 11, No. 4. April 1963 : 197-202.

___. 1965. The Golden Road to Modernity : Village Life in Contemporary Burma.

Ni Ni Myint. 1993. Burma's Struggle against British Imperialism 1885-1895.

Nu, U., 1954. Burma Under the Japanese. London : St. Martin's.

___. 1975. U Nu - Saturday's Son. New Haven : Yale University Press.

Nyunt-Han, Emma. 1962. "The Socio-Political Roles of Women in Japan and Burma," Ph.D. Diss., University of Colorado.

Nyunt-Han, Norman. "Burma's Experiment with Socialism." Ph.D. Diss., University of Colorado.

Pe Maung Tin and Gordon H. Luce. 1923. The Glass Palace Chronicles of the Kings of Burma. London : Oxford University Press.

Pfanner, D.E. 1962. "Rice and Religion in a Burmese Village". Ph.D. Diss., Cornell University.

Pye, Lucian W. 1962. Politics, Personality and Nation Building : Burma's Search for Identity. New Haven : Yale University Press.

___. 1962. "The Army in Burmese Politics." In Johnson J. Johnson, ed., The Role of the Military in Underdeveloped Countries. Princeton : Princeton University Press.

Richter, H.V. "Burma's Rice Surpluses: Accounting for the Decline." Occasional Paper No. 3. Development Studies Center Australian National University.

___. "State Agricultural Credit in Postwar Burma." Malayan Economic Review. Vol. 13, No. 1, April 1968.

Saito, Teruko. 1981. "Farm Household Economy under Paddy Delivery System in Contemporary Burma", The Developing Economies, Vol. 19, No. 4 : 367-97.

Sarkisyanz, E. 1965. Buddhist Backgrounds of the Burmese Revolution. The Hague : Martinus Nijhoff.

Seekins, Donald M. 1983. "The Historical Setting". in Bunge, Frederica M. ed., Burma: A Country Study. Washington: The American University Press.

___. 1991. "The Japanese Aid Presence in Burma: Perspectives on Relations between and Economic Superpower and a Military Dictatorship," Paper. International Conference on Japan's O.D.A. and Asian Developing Economies. Institute of East Asian Studies, Thammasat University, March 21-22, 1991.

___. 1992. "Japan's Aid Relations with Military Regimes in Burma, 1962-1991: The Kokunaika Process," Asian Survey, Vol. 32, No. 2, March 1992: 246-262.

Shiraishi, Takashi, 1986. "The Military in Thailand, Burma and Indonesia." In Robert A. Scalapino, Seizaburo Sato, and Jusuf Wanandi, eds., Asian Political Institutionalization. Berkeley : Institute for East Asian Studies.

Silverstein, Josef. 1962. "Problems in Burma : Economic, Political and Diplomatic." Asian Survey. Vol. 7, No. 2, February 1962.

___. 1964. "First Steps on the Burmese Way to Socialism". Asian Survey, Vol. 4, No. 2, February 1964.

___. 1966. " Burma: Ne Win's Revolutionn Reconsidered." Asian Survey 6:2.

___. 1970. Burma: Political Dialogue in Burma - A New Turn on the Road to Socialism?" Asian Survey. Vol. 10, No. 2, February 1970.

___. 1970. "Burmese and Malaysian Student Politics: A Preliminary Comparative Inquiry," Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore, March 1970.

___. 1972. The Political Legacy of Aung San ( Data Paper no. 86). Ithaca : Cornell University Southeast Asia Program.

___. 1974. ed. The Future of Burma in Perspective : A Symposium. Athens, Ohio : Ohio University Center for International Studies, Southeast Asia Program.

___. 1977. Burma : Military Rule and the Politics of Stagnation. Ithaca : Cornell University Press.

___. 1980. Burmese Politics : The Dilemmas of National Unity. New Jersey : Rutgers University Press.

___. 1980. Politics in the Shan State : The Question of Secession from the Union of Burma," Journal of Asian Studies. Vol. 28 : 43-58.

___. 1986. "Burma in 1985: A Nation 'on Hold'," Southeast Asian Affairs 1986. Singapore: Institute of South East Asian Studies.

___. 1989. ed., Independent Burma at Forty Years : Six Assessments. Ithaca: Cornell Southeast Asia Program.

___. 1990. "Aung San Su Kyi: Is She Burma's Woman of Destiny," Asian Survey, October 1990.

___. 1990. "The Peoples of Burma Impatiently Wait for Change," The World, October 1990.

___ and Wohl, Julian. 1964. "University Students and Politics in Burma." Pacific Affairs. Vol. 37, No. 1, Spring 1964.

Smith, Charles B. 1984. The Burmese Communist Party in 1980s. Singapore : Institute of South East Asian Studies.

Smith, Donald E. 1965, Religion and Politics in Burma. Princeton : Princeton University Press.

Smith Dun, General. 1980. Memoirs of the Four-Foot Colonel. Southeast Asia Program, Department of Asian Studies, Data Paper No. 113. Ithaca : Cornell University Press.

Smith, Martin. 1991. Insurgency and Politics of Ethnicity. London: Zed Books.

Solomon, Robert L. 1969. "Saya San and the Burmese Rebellion." Santa Monica, CA : Rand Corporation (P-4004), January 1969.

Spiro, Melford E. 1967. Burmese Supernaturalism.

___. 1968. "Factionalism and Politics in Village Burma," in Marc J. Swartz, ed., Local Level Politics : Social and Cultural Perspectives.

___. 1972. Buddhism and Society : A Great Tradition and Its Burmese Vicissitudes. London : Allen & Unwin.

___. 1977. Kinship and Marriage in Burma : A Cultural and Psychodynamic Analysis. Berkeley : University of Carlifornia Press.

Steinberg, David I. 1974. "Minority Groups of Burma and National Integration." Sawaddi ( Bangkok ), July-August 1974.

___. 1981. Burma's Road Towards Development : Growth and Ideology Under Military Rule. Boulder : Westview.

___. 1980. "Burma: Ne Win After Two Decades." Current History. Vol. 79, No. 461, December 1980.

___. 1983. "Burma: Incomplete Transition," Asian Survey, February 1983.

___. 1983. "Burma's Third Four-Year Plan : Half-Way to Socialism and Industrialization". Contemporary Southeast Asia, Vol. 5, No. 1 : 1-26.

___. 1984. "Burma in 1984: The Dilemmas of Neutralism and Succession," Asian Survey, February 1984.

___. 1984. " Constitutional and Political Basis of National Insurrections in Burma," in Lim Joo-Jock and Vani S., eds., Armed Separatism in Southeast Asia, Singapore : Institute of Southeast Asian Studies : 49-80.

___. 1985. "Burma in 1984: Unasked Questions, Unanswered Issues," Southeast Asian Affairs 1985. Singapore: Institute of South East Asian Studies.

___. 1989. "Crisis in Burma," Current History, April 1989.

___. 1989. "Crisis in Burma: Stasis and Change in a Political Turmoil," Occasional Paper No. 5. Bangkok: Institute of Security and International Studies, Chulalongkorn University.

___. 1990. The Future of Burma: Crisis and Choice in Myanmar. New York: The Asia Society and University Press of America.

___. 1990. " International Rivaleries in Burma," Asian Survey. Vol. XXX, No. 6.

___. 1992. "Myanmar in 1991: Miasma in Burma," Asian Survey, Vol. XXXII, No. 2, February 1992.

___. 1992. "Myanmar in 1991: Military Intransigence," Southeast Asian Affairs 1992. Singapore: Institute of South East Asian Studies.

___. 1992. "The Role of International Aid in Myanmar's Development," Contemporary Southeast Asia, Vol. 13, No. 4, March 1992 : 415-432.

___. 1993. "Burma in 1992: Plus Ca Change...?" Asian Survey, February 1993.

___. 1993. "Libreralization in Myanmar: How Real are the Changes," Contemporary Southeast Asia, Vol. 15, No. 2. September 1993.

___. 1993. "Myanmar as Nexus: Sino-Indian Rivalries on the Frontier," Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Vol. 16.

Stifel, Lawrence D. 1971. "Economics of the Burmese Way to Socialism", Asian Survey, Vol. 11, No. 8 : 803-17.

___. 1972. "Burmese Socialism: Economic Problems of the First Decade." Pacific Affairs. Vol. 45, No. 1, Spring 1972.

Ta Van Tai. 1965. " The Role of the Military in the Developing Nations of South and Southeast Asia, with Special Reference to Pakistan, Thailand and Burma." Ph.D. Diss., University of Verginia.

Takeyama, Michio. 1966. Harp of Burma. Tokyo: Tuttle.

Taylor, Robert H. 1973. " Foreign and Domestic Consequences of the KMT Intervention in Burma", Cornell University Southeast Asia Program Data Paper 93, Ithaca : Cornell University Press.

___. 1974. " The Relationship between Burmese Social Classes and British Indian Policy on the Behavior of the Burmese Political Elite, 1937-1942." Ph.D. Diss., Cornell University.

___. 1976. " Politics of Late Colonial Burma : The Case of U Saw," Modern Asian Studies, Vol 10, No. 2 : 161-194.

___. 1977, " Teh Evolution of Burmese Political Thought - 1900 to 1940s," in the Seventh International Conference of the Historians of Asia Proceedings : 795-812.

___. 1979. " Burma in the Anti-Fascist War," in Alfred W. McCoy, ed., Southeast Asia under Japanese Occupation.

___. 1979. "Burma's National Unity Problem and the 1974 Constitution." Contemporary Southeast Asia. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore. Vol. 1, No. 3, December 1979.

___. 1981. " Party, Class and Power in British Burma," Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics. Vol. 19, No. 1. March 1981 : 44-62.

___. 1982. " Perceptions of Ethnicity in the Politics of Burma," Southeast Asian Journal of Social Science. Vol 10, No 1 : 7-22.

___. 1983. An Undeveloped State : The Study of Modern Burma's Politics. Melbourne : Monash University Center of Southeast Asian Studies.

___. 1983. "The Burmese Communist Movement and its Indian Connection : Formation and Factionalism, " Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, Vol. 14, No. 1. March 1983 : 95-108.

___. 1985. "Burma." In Zakaria Haji Ahmad and Harold Crouch, eds., Military-Civil Relations in Southeast Asia. Singapore : Oxford University Press.

___. 1985. "Burma" in Haruhiro Fukui ed.,"Political Parties of Asia and the Pacific," 99-154.

___. 1987. The State in Burma. Honolulu:University of Hawaii Press. ___. 1987. "Burma : Defence Expenditure and Threat Perception",in Chin Kin Wah. ed., Defence Spending in Southeast Asia. Singapore : Institute of Southeast Asia Studies.

___. 1990. "Burma's Ambiguous Breakthrough," Journal of Democracy, Vol. 1, No. 4, Fall 1990.

Tilman, Robert O. 1987. Burma in 1986 : " The Process of Involution Continues," Asian Survey, Vol. XXVII, No. 2 ( February, 1987).

Tinker, Hugh. 1954. The Foundations of Local Self-Government in India, Pakistan and, Burma.

___. 1957. "Nu, the Serence Statsman." Pacific Affairs. Vol. 30, No. 2, June 1957.

___. 1967, The Union of Burma : The Study of the First Years of In dependence. London : Oxford University Press.

Tin Maung Maung Than. 1984. "Burma in 1983: From Recovery to Growth?" Southeast Asian Affairs 1984, pp. 89-122. Singapore : Institute of South East Asian Studies.

___. 1986. "Burma's Energy Use: Perils and Promises," Southeast Asian Affairs 1986. Singapore: Institute of South East Asian Studies.

___. 1988. "Burma in 1987 : Twenty-five years After Revolution," in Southeast Asian Affairs 1988. Singapore : Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.

___. 1988. "The Sangha and Sasana in Socialist Burma", Sojourn 3, No. 1, February 1988.

___.1989. Burma's National Security and Defense Posture," Contemporary Southeast Asia, Vol. 11, No. 1, June 1989.

___.1993. "Neither Inheritance nor Legacy: Leading the Myanmar State since Independence," Contemporary Southeast Asia, Vol. 15, No. 1, June 1993.

Trager, Frank, 1958. Building a Welfare State in Burma, 1948-56. New York : Institute of Pacific Relations.

___. 1963. "The Failure of U Nu and the Return of the Armed Forces in Burma." Review of Politics. Vol. 25, 1963.

___. 1966. Burma : From Kingdom to Republic. New York : Praeger.

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